"Assess Support Systems and technical infrastructure for Implementing CALL in HEC"

 

 

Abstract:

• Implementation of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in higher education institutions is a complex process that requires careful consideration of various factors. (Machmud, 2020), emphasizes the importance of integrating CALL into the English education curriculum, particularly in preparing student teachers for the technology used in their future classrooms at the university level and increasing language.
• Successful implementation of CALL programs at the university level depends on critical evaluations and decisions made by the higher education system.
• The use of conversational bots such as Facebook, IBM, Instagram, and Google is making it easier to generate a chatbot which is also known as a virtual assistant that can be used to connect with an audience globally contact a business, and receive assistance from more experienced people (Harpreet Singh†, 2023). 
• The integration of CALL subjects into the English education curriculum and instruction is designed. Integration of technology in educational settings is something to be said. However, (Ismail, 2011) identifies several barriers to integrating CALL, such as teachers' knowledge of technology and pedagogy, computer facilities and resources, and personal beliefs about language teaching.
• Teachers are engaged participants in the change process. 
• The partnership of pedagogical expertise and technological innovation remains the work’s focus—a technology-focused professional development strategy aimed at supporting faculty members in integrating technology into their teaching practices in higher education institutions. 
• Universities and public schools should provide resources and training to support English learners' language learning. (Timuçin, 2006) underscores the need for teachers to be active participants in the implementation process, while (Levy, 2006) highlights the importance of finding the right balance in using CALL. 
• These studies collectively suggest that while there is potential for the use of CALL in higher education, careful attention must be paid to addressing barriers like pedagogical or curriculum and ensuring effective implementation in English language learning.

“Students’ perception on using ChatGPT in higher education”

Abstract:

•  The study explores the Students’ perception of using Chat-GPT, a language-based AI system, how to transform AI tools in higher education rapidly, opportunities, and ethical issues of using it at higher educational levels, particularly in different departments in various disciplines. 
• The use of conversational bots is making it easier to generate a Chatbot which is also known as a virtual assistant that can be used to connect with an audience globally, contact a business, and receive assistance from more experienced people. 
• The study surveyed 150 students to understand their experiences and motivations for using AI tools and observed students’ responses to using it. 
• The aim of my study is to add to other research by exploring the use of AI tools in HEIs and proposing possible solutions to the problems generated by other researchers in their studies. The larger term “digital literacy” is used to provide an understanding of the different issues and possibilities based on proposing digital learning by using ChatGPT in HEC. 
• This study is designed to survey the use of ChatGPT and students’ learning perceptions in higher educational institutions, mostly accessible and mostly having positive or negative responses to it. They recognized the value and responsibility of using Chat-GPT in creating individualized educational levels. 
• The findings highlight the opportunities, challenges, and ethical issues during the emergence of ChatGPT in higher education and students’ perceptions and behaviors whether positive or negative towards ChatGPT. 
• The research suggests additional quantitative investigations, and comparative research to fully understand the ethical issues and principles, and develop responsible implementation techniques to solve these issues. 
• The study discusses the benefits and challenges of using AI in education. The conclusion of data privacy concerns to the students in guiding the use of AI tools in higher education. AI tools have emerged in every field of education.

Antineoplastic agents and classification

Antineoplastic agents and their classification 

Anti-metabolites (Pyrimidine, Purine, Folic acid analogs)

Introduction

"Antiplastic agents are drugs used to treat cancer, malignancies, carcinomas, sarcomas, tumors, neoplasms or leukemias."

Other names for antineoplastic drugs are chemo, anticancer, cytotoxic, toxic drugs, or chemotherapy. These drugs are available in many forms, including liquids or pills.

Neoplasm

“Neoplasm refers to the group of diseases caused by several agents like chemical compounds and radiant energy”

Cancer:

“Cancer is characterized by an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells that produces a tumor and invades adjacent normal tissues."

Often cancer cells separate themselves from the primary tumor and are carried by the lymphatic system to reach distant sites of the organ, where they divide and form a secondary tumor (metastasis).

Antineoplastic agents or anticancer drugs represent a diverse and large class of drugs. They generally have limited but important uses, and often have hepatotoxicity.

Classification

Antineoplastic agents are classified as:

1) Alkylating agents

2) Antimetabolites

3) Antibiotics

4) Enzymes

5) Plant products

6) Hormones

7) Immunotherapy

8) Monoclonal antibodies

9) Radiotherapeutic agents

ANTI-METABOLITES

1. PYRIMIDINE ANALOGUES

Pyrimidine analogs are antimetabolites that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. Generally, they are hydrophilic molecules and require specialized membrane transporters for entry into cells. Intracellular enzymes, such as deoxycytidine kinase, convert these drugs to active metabolites by phosphorylation. 

Their antiproliferative effect is achieved by binding to DNA, leading to chain termination and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Structural changes of these metabolites may occur in the pyrimidine ring.

DRUG: 5-FLUOROURACIL

5-Fluorouracil was developed in 1957.

5-Fluorouracil was utilized for a variety of dermatologic and neoplastic disorders and identified as early as 1962 as a promising treatment for keratoacanthomas, actinic keratosis, and skin cancer.

5-Fluorouracil’s selective cytotoxicity and minimal effect on normal skin cells make it a promising therapeutic option for many dermatologic conditions. 

BENZODIAZEPINES

INTRODUCTION

Benzodiazepines are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are used for the treatment of conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures. They are informally referred to as Benzos.

MODE OF ACTION

Benzodiazepine receptors are present in the brain and they form a part of GABAA receptor ′s chloride ion channel macromolecular complex. The binding of benzodiazepines to these receptors produces activation of GABAA receptors and increases chloride conductance by increasing the frequency of opening the chloride ion channel. These in turn inhibit neuronal activity through hyperpolarization and depolarization.

TYPES OF BENZODIAZEPINES

Benzodiazepines differ in how quickly they start working, how long they last, and what they are usually prescribed for. These include

• Diazepam

• Nitrazepam

• Oxazepam

• Triazole benzodiazepines

DIAZEPINES

IUPAC NAME

7-Chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one

PROPERTIES 

It is a white or almost white crystalline powder. Soluble in ethanol and very slightly soluble in water. Sedation and anti-anxiety effects may take a long time to achieve, during which time the patient can usually be maintained on medication once or twice a day.

USES

It is used as

• Skeletal muscle relaxant

• Anticonvulsant

• Antianxiety agent

BRANDS

• Calmpose

• Valium

• Diazepam

NITRAZEPAM

7-Nitro-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one

PROPERTIES

It is 

• A yellow crystalline powder

• Slightly soluble in alcohol

• Insoluble in water

USES

It is used as 

• Sedatives and hypnotics

• In the management of myoclonic seizure

BRANDS

• Dormitory

• Nipam

• Nitrosun

OXAZEPAM

IUPAC NAME 

7 Chloro 3 Hydroxy 5 phenyl 1,4 benzodiazepin 2 one

PROPERTIES

It is a white and almost white crystalline powder.

• Slightly soluble in ethanol

• Insoluble in water

USES

It is useful for the control of acute tremulousness, or anxiety associated with alcohol withdrawal (rashes).

Vinca AlkaloidsIntroduction

Vinca Alkaloids Introduction 

Vinca alkaloids are a class of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are often derived from plants called alkaloids. Although the name represents alkali some do not exhibit alkaline properties. Many alkaloids with poisonous characteristics have physiological effects too which makes them useful as medicines. The oldest group of plant alkaloids groups that are used to treat cancer are the vinca alkaloids. 

Mechanism of action

The main mechanisms of alkaloid cytotoxicity are due to their interactions with tubulin and disruption of microtubule function, particularly of microtubules comprising the mitotic spindle apparatus, directly causing metaphase arrest. However, they can exert many other biochemical activities that may or may not be related to their effects on microtubules. The vinca alkaloids connect to binding sites on tubulin that are separate from those of the taxanes, colchicine, podophyllotoxin alkaloids, and guanosine-5’-triphosphate. Binding occurs rapidly and can reverse too. Current evidence maintains the existence of two vinca alkaloid binding sites per molecule of the tubulin dimer. We can see near to 16-17 high-affinity binding sites in each microtubule that are located at the ends of each microtubule. The binding of vinca alkaloids to these sites disrupts microtubule assembly, but one of the most important effects of low drug concentrations is to decrease the rate of both elongation and shortening at the assembly end of microtubules, which is a "Kinetic Cap" that can generate and suppress function.

Nitrogen and mustard

Introduction

Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are cytotoxic organic compounds with the bis(2-chloroethyl) amino (ClC2H4)2NR) functional group. Although originally produced as chemical warfare agents, they were the first chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. Nitrogen mustards are nonspecific DNA alkylating agents.

Name 

Nitrogen mustard is not related to the mustard plant or its pungent essence, but allyl isothiocyanate of the plant name.