"Social Development"

 

Meaning of social development

Social development means investing in people. 

Social development is a social process in which the child learns to behave according to social values, norms, and traditions.

It is the process of socialism.

Through social development, we can understand others' feelings.

Social development is the process of learning to interact with and communicate with others.

According to Hurlook, “Social development means attaining maturity in social relationships".

According to H.E. Garrett, "Social development is the process by which the biological individual changes from human to human."

Role of education in social development

• Social development involves learning the knowledge and skills of social interaction values.

• Education is one of the most important means to improve personal and social skills.

• Social development allows us to form positive relationships with family, friends, teachers and other people in our life.

Social characteristics of children at various stages of development:

A young child's social life develops in relatively predictable ways.

1. Social characteristics of pre-school children:

• Egocentrism:

• Adult Influence:

• Independence:

• Social interaction: 

• Initiative:

• Gender awareness: 

• Image:

• Task persistence:

• Play Dynamics: 

2. Social characteristics of learners at late kindergarten/ primary level (seven and eight year olds):

• Gender preference: 

• Peer groups:

• Independence:

• Communication style: 

• Competitive development: 

3. Social characteristics of learners at the elementary level:

• Extended social relationships: 

• Peer importance: 

• Social identity:

• Cooperative focus:

• Building a community: 

• Admiration:

Teacher's Role in Developing Social Skills:

• Facilitator of social activities:

• Conflict Resolution Guide:

• Social Environment Creator:

• Mentor and Role Model:

• Name the Game Facilitator:

• Guide to Social Learning Tools:

• Social Skills Educators at Different Levels:

• Promoter of empathy and sharing:

• Guide to Active Listening Skills:

•  Group Inclusion Advocate:

• Observer and Feedback Provider:

Factors affecting social development:

• Socio-economic status 

• School programs.

• Home Environment

• Peer groups

• Influence of culture

• Love and affection

• Mass media

• External environments

• Friends circle

• Groups

• Classroom environment

"Error Analysis among Matric Students"

Abstract:

• English has become an international language. It is being understood and used in error analysis is all over the world. In Pakistan, it is used as a second language for matric students. 

• The Constitution of 1973 declared English as the official language along with Urdu. Due to its status, it is taught as a compulsory subject in all public and private schools. A lot of emphasis is put so that students can write correct English but despite all those efforts students cannot write error-free English in academic learning. 

• A lot of errors are found in their writing. Errors are systematic deviations that are made by learners because of lack of knowledge. Learners make errors because they do not have proper knowledge of the target language. 

• Causes of errors include the influence of the mother tongue or lack of knowledge of the target language. In this research paper, an attempt has been made to find a ratio of errors made by students in grades 9-10 at Sargodha. The population includes all students in grades 9-10 at Sargodha. 

• 200 students were taken as a sample size. A convenient sampling technique has been adopted. Data has been collected from those 200 students, and that data has been analyzed. After analysis, it was found that the total number of errors was 1466, constituting 29.32%. Out of these errors 1466, 272 include errors of omission, 278 include errors of overgeneralization, 322 include errors of addition, 348 include errors of Fossilization and 246 include errors of disordering. Causes of these errors are mother tongue, faulty teaching material, ineffective rules of learning. 

• To remove these errors, learners must learn from authentic material, learners should learn and practice those rules as much as possible, only then will they be able to write correct English Learning environment, classroom environment, and students’ intelligence level.

"Educational Technology"

 

Educational technology

Educational technology is a term used to describe a wide range of teaching and learning hardware and software that is increasingly being used in college and university classrooms.

According to G.O. Leith:

Educational technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning conditions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of learning and learning.

Origin of educational technology  

The origin of educational technology can be traced back to the use of tools like the abacus and educational charts in ancient times. However, the modern concept emerged in the mid-20th century with the advent of audiovisual aids, radio, and television for educational purposes. The integration of computers in the 1960s marked a significant milestone, laying the foundation for the digital era of educational technology.

Types of educational technology   

Educational technology encompasses various tools and resources. Some types include:

• · Learning Management System (LMS).

• Interactive whiteboard

• Online learning platform

• Gamification

• Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

• Educational apps

• Podcasts and Webinars

• Adaptive Learning Software

• Digital textbooks

• Collaboration tools

Approaches to Educational Technology

Lumsdane has categorized educational technologies into three main approaches:

1. Hardware Approach to Educ Tech I

2. Software Approach to Educ Tech II

3. System Approach to Educ Tech III

Components of educational technology Components of educational technology in ICT

Educational technology in ICT (Information and Communication Technology) typically involves various components, including:       

• Hardware

• Software: 

• Networking

• Multimedia:

MERITS: Technology helps children stay motivated during the learning process.

 2. It encourages communication between teachers and parents.

 3. It is very affordable to use technology in the classroom.

 4. It creates new ways to learn for today’s students.

DEMERITS;

1. The presence of technology can be distracting for students.

 2. Technology can make it easier to cheat.

 3. Students can become disconnected from the classroom when using technology.

"Emotional Development"

 Emotion:

•Emotion is derived from the Latin word “remove” which means “stirred up” or "to excite".

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), emotion is defined as "a complex response pattern, consisting of experiential, physiological elements, and behavioral."

Types of Emotion:

There are two main types of emotion:

1. Positive emotion

2. Negative emotion

Characteristics of emotions:

•The core of an emotion is feelings. 

• Emotional experiences are associated with certain instincts or biological drives.

• Emotions are the products of perception. 

•Every emotional experience involves several physical and physiological changes in the organism. 

•The basic ways of expressing emotions are inborn and it develops through maturation. 

• Emotions rise abruptly and die slowly.

• The same emotion can be aroused by several different stimuli.

• Emotions have the quality of displacement.

Who Influences Emotions?

1. FAMILY

2. HEALTH

3. SCHOOL

4. THE TEACHER

5. PARENTAL OUTLOOK

6. SOCIAL STATUS

7. MENTAL ABILITY

8. WILL POWER AND 

9. ECONOMIC STATUS

Emotional development:

Emotional development is a process by which a child develops from a dependent to a fully functioning adult and applies to most life forms.

Emotional development refers to the ability to recognize, express, and organize feelings at different stages of life and to have empathy for the emotions of others.

Stages of Emotional Development:

There are four main stages of emotional development 

1. Infancy

2. Childhood (Early or Late Childhood). 

3. Adolescence

4. Adulthood

Factors:

1. Hereditary factors:

2. Maturation:

3. Training:

The Role of Teachers in Children's Emotional Development 

1) There should be adequate provision for various co-curricular activities for the full expression and outlet of the emotional energies of the children.

2) The teaching methodology and curriculum should be dynamic, progressive, and child-oriented.

3) Children should get the desired love and sympathy from teachers. Their individuality should be respected and their differences recognized.

"Impact of Academic Procrastination and Internet Addiction on Academic Achievement among University Students"

Abstract:

• Background:

Academic procrastination and internet addiction have a great impact on the academic performance of university students. Both behaviors have been linked to lower grades, reduced motivation, and inadequate time management skills, all of which can impede students' overall academic success. The effects of academic procrastination and internet addiction on the academic achievement of university students are a significant area of concern. Both of these behaviors have been associated with detrimental effects on students' academic performance. Academic procrastination, characterized by the act of delaying or postponing academic tasks, has been linked to lower grades, decreased motivation, and poor time management skills.

• Purpose:

This paper aims at the impact of academic procrastination and internet addiction of students of university’s academic achievement and to emphasize the importance of addressing these issues for the betterment of student's academic success, internet addiction in a learning environment.

• Method

A correlational cross-sectional study design. 60 students of Sargodha University were selected using convenience sampling and participated in this investigation.

• Result:

The motive of the current paper was to determine Academic Procrastination and Internet Addiction on Academic Achievement among university Students. A few statistical methods were used. Regression analysis and Pearson correlation were used to evaluate the hypothesis.

• Conclusion:

In conclusion, academic procrastination and internet addiction have been shown to have a detrimental impact on the academic achievement of university students. These behaviors are associated with lower grades, decreased motivation, and poor time management skills. Students must recognize and address these issues to improve their academic performance. By adopting effective time management strategies and developing self-discipline, students can regain control of their academic responsibilities and achieve their full potential. In conclusion, academic procrastination and internet addiction have been shown to have a negative effect on the academic achievement of university students.  Achieve many advanced education.